Nummus 286-310 AD ROMAN TETRARCHY Maximian AD 286-310 BI / Nude Genius NGC (002)

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Certification details

Certification number: 6157370-002

NGC collectible ID: 802272

Pedigree: HISTORIC COINAGE REFORM

Date: Maximian, AD 286-310 THE ROMAN TETRARCHY

Nominal value: BI Nummus

Mint Mark: THE ROMAN TETRARCHY

Year: Maximian, AD 286-310

ROMAN TETRARCHY











Maximian - Roman Emperor AD 286-310











BI NUMMUS











GRADED NGC











Obverse: Laureate head right.











Reverse: Genius standing left, modius





on head, naked except for chlamys





over left shoulder , holding patera from which liquid flows, and




cornucopia,











Genius. The name comes probably from Lat.





gignere, because this deity was assigned to each human when he




was conceived or





he was taken under his protection (Varro), or he has created us




himself or has





been created together with us (Apuleius).





It's clear, that the Romans tried to integrate the Genius into




their mythology.





His parents should have been Jupiter and Gaea, who has born him,




after Jupiter





has created him when he was asleep. Others suggest that he was a




son of the gods





and the father of men. In any case all suggest that the Genii -




there are many





of them! - take a middle position between the gods and men. As




soon as a human





being was born one or two Genii were assigned to him, a white




good one and a





black bad one. The good one gives him all of his good thoughts,




the bad one the





contrary. Which ever is the stronger one he is the one who forms




the character





of the man. Genii always appear at males. Within women there




were the Junones.





The Genii stayed with their person until his death when they




gave him to the





gods. According to others each man has only one Genius. The




Genius handed down





his man to the court and blamed him if he was lying or praised




him when he kept





the truth. According to the Genius the judgment was given to him




because the





Genius knew all of his secret thoughts. Even families, cities




and countries had





these guardian spirits. The Genius of Rome had a golden statue




in the VIII region.











Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus





Herculius (c. 250 – c. July 310), commonly referred to as




Maximian, was Caesar





(junior Roman Emperor ) from July 285 and Augustus (senior Roman




Emperor) from





April 1, 286 to Toulouse - Musée Saint-Raymond - Maximien




Hercule1.jpgMay 1,





305. He shared the latter title with his co-emperor and




superior, Diocletian ,





whose political brain complemented Maximian's military brawn.




Maximian





established his residence at Trier but spent most of his time on




campaign. In





the late summer of 285, he suppressed rebels in Gaul known as




the Bagaudae .





From 285 to 288, he fought against Germanic tribes along the




Rhine frontier.





Together with Diocletian, he ran a scorched earth campaign deep




into the





territory of the Alamanni tribes in 288, temporarily relieving




the Rhenish





provinces from the threat of Germanic invasion.





The man he appointed to police the Channel shores, Carausius ,




rebelled in 286,





causing the secession of Britain and northwestern Gaul. Maximian




failed to oust





Carausius, and his invasion fleet was destroyed by storms in 289




or 290.





Maximan's subordinate, Constantius , campaigned against




Carausius' successor,





Allectus , while Maximian held the Rhenish frontier. The rebel




leader was ousted





in 296, and Maximian moved south to combat Moorish pirates in




Iberia and Berber





incursions in Mauretania . When these campaigns concluded in




298, he departed





for Italy, where he lived in comfort until 305. At Diocletian's




behest, Maximian





abdicated on May 1, 305, gave the Augustan office to Constantius,




and retired to





southern Italy.











In late 306, Maximian took the title of Augustus again and aided




his son





Maxentius ' rebellion in Italy. In April 307, he attempted to




depose his son,





but failed and fled to the court of Constantius' successor,




Constantine , in





Trier. At the Council of Carnuntum in November 308, Diocletian




and his





successor, Galerius , forced Maximian to renounce his imperial




claim again. In





early 310, Maximian attempted to seize Constantine's title while




the emperor was





on campaign on the Rhine. Few supported him, and he was captured




by Constantine





in Marseille. Maximian committed suicide in the summer of 310 on




Constantine's





orders. During Constantine's war with Maxentius, Maximian's




image was purged





from all public places. However, after Constantine ousted and




killed Maxentius,





Maximian's image was rehabilitated, and he was deified.





One of the members of the Tetrarchy, Maximianus had a convoluted




reign that





started when he and Diocletian began ruling as equals in 286.




Maximianus was in





charge of the western portion of the empire along with




Constantius I, his junior





in command, while Diocletian and Galerius ruled the eastern




half. After several





years of putting down revolts and usurpers, both he and




Diocletian abdicated to





let their Caesars take their place in 306. However, this




peaceful arrangement





would come to an end soon when Maximianus's son Maxentius




initiated a revolt of





his own. Seeing that it would lend an air of legitimacy to his




claims, Maxentius





requested his father to return to assume the high post along




with him.





Maximianus, although possibly reluctant initially, took up his




son's offer. He





had abdicated less than voluntarily under Diocletian's scheme




and now he was





caught up in the fervor of Maxentius's drive to become sole




ruler. In time,





Maxentius met with failure after he lost several key battles to




Constantine and





Maximianus found himself in the awkward position of being an




emperor with no





rightful claim nor army willing to proceed with his agenda.




Increasingly





isolated, Constantine cornered him and he was either executed or




committed





suicide.










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